Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have evolved from simple network-layer floods to sophisticated Layer 7 HTTP request storms designed to exhaust application backend pools.

1. Multi-Layer Mitigation Strategy

Attack LayerCommon Attack VectorsMitigation Architecture
Layer 3 / 4 (Volumetric)SYN floods, UDP reflection, NTP amplificationBGP Anycast routing, automated Flowspec, edge null-routing
Layer 7 (Application)HTTP GET floods, slowloris, XML-RPC spamWAF challenge pages, rate limiting, CAPTCHA, edge caching
Origin ConcealmentDirect IP bypass attacksGRE tunnels, Cloudflare Magic Transit, private VPC peering